Document Type : Original Manuscript

Authors

Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, Shahrood University of Technology, P.O. Box: 316-3619995161, Shahrood, Iran.

Abstract

A subset of the vertex set of a graph $G$ is called a zero forcing set if by considering them colored and, as far as possible, a colored vertex with exactly one non-colored neighbor forces its non-colored neighbor to get colored, then the whole vertices of $G$ become colored. The total forcing number of a graph $G$, denoted by $F_t(G)$, is the cardinality of a smallest zero forcing set of $G$ which induces a subgraph with no isolated vertex. The connected forcing number, denoted by $F_c(G)$, is the cardinality of a smallest zero forcing set of $G$ which induces a connected subgraph. In this paper, we first characterize the graphs with $F_t(G)=2$ and, as a corollary, we characterize the graphs with $F_c(G)=2$.

Keywords

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